In Euskal Herria, the painters Ramón de Vargas and José Antonio Sistiaga began, in the 60s, to apply paint directly on the celluloid, without the camera, recovering the tradition that was born from Retour à la raison, Len Lye or Harry Smith. The fellow Basque Rafael Ruiz-Balerdi paints directly on the film but in a more figurative style. Sistiaga follows the example of other painters (Duchamp, Eggeling, Léger...) who transferred their artistic concerns to cinema, turning celluloid into a canvas endowed with movement (with the temporal dimension incorporated).
